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WAN Operations WAN Standards

Modern WAN standards are defined and managed by a number of recognized authorities including the following:

TIA/EIA - Telecommunications Industry Association and Electronic Industries Alliance

ISO - International Organization for Standardization

IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

WANs in the OSI Model

Most WAN standards focus on the physical layer and the data link layer.

Layer 1 Protocols

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET)

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

Layer 2 Protocols

Broadband (i.e., DSL and Cable)

Wireless

Ethernet WAN (Metro Ethernet)

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) (less used)

High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) (less used)

Frame Relay (legacy)

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) (legacy)